Placement Record for Recent Ph.Ds
We list below the initial appointments and employment histories of all our recent Ph.Ds. Names are suppressed for reasons of privacy. We give no warrant that the information is either complete or accurate, but we have done our best to make it so.
Entries are collected by the year in which the Ph.D. was awarded; in some cases some appointment(s) listed preceded the award of the degree. Thesis titles are listed in uppercase letters; titles in quotation marks are of job talks given by job seekers and are listed for those who have not yet received the Ph.D.
TT - tenure-track position
2012-2013
- “Prudence and Self-Control in Aristotle.” LSU, TT.
- “Able to Do the Impossible.” MIT, TT.
- “Aspects of Consequence.” Bilkent University, TT.
- “Is the World ‘Holistic?’” Chapman University, TT.
- “Understanding Plato on Understanding.” UMBC, TT.
- “For the Right Reason.” Post-Doctoral Fellow in Love and Human Agency, 1 year.
- “Another Look at Causation in Spinoza’s Ethics.” 1-year NYU Bersoff Fellowship; Georgetown TT (beginning 2014).
- “Objectivism about Welfare.” Rutgers (Newark) TT.
- "Values, Reasons, and Ought." 1 or 2 year NYU Bersoff Fellowship
- “The Experience of Duration.” 1-year NYU Bersoff Fellowship; Arizona State TT (beginning 2014).
2012
- KANT’S THEORY OF INTUITION ON SINGULARITY AND UNITY. University of Basel, Postdoctoral Research Assistant, 2-years.
- SOME CONNECTIONS BETWEEN REPRESENTATION, MOTIVATION AND REASONING. Left profession.
- NIETZSCHE ON THE DECADENCE AND FLOURISHING OF CULTURE. 2-year renewable Michael Cohen Career Development Fellowship in Philosophy, Exeter College, Oxford University.
- FITTING CONSEQUENTIALISM. University of Pennsylvania, 2-year bioethics post-doc; Assistant Professor TT, Bowling Green State University, Fall 2013-.
- PHENOMENAL CONCEPTS AND THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM. NYU, 1-year renewable Bersoff Fellowship; Bowling Green University, TT.
- WHY ARISTOTLE’S METAPHYSICS INCLUDES A PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS. Calvin College, 1 year; extended for 2 years, TT.
- THE HUMAN INTELLECT: ARISTOTLE’S CONCEPTION OF ΝΟΥΣ IN HIS DE ANIMA. Metropolitan State University of Denver, TT.
- COLLECTIVE ACTION, CLIMATE CHANGE, AND THE ETHICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FUTILITY. Stanford Center for Ethics, postdoc 1 year.
- ON THE NATURE, INTERPRETATION, AND VALUE OF ARTWORKS. Siena College, Visiting Assistant Professor, 1 year; Temple University, Visiting Assistant Professor, 1 year; Susquehanna University, TT.
2011-2012
- "The Multiple Sources of Multiple Realizability." University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1.5 year PostDoc.
- "Aristotle on Psychic Subjecthood and Explanation." Central European University, Postdoctoral Fellow, September 2012 through August 2013.
- “Probability in statistical mechanics: making sense of the “branch systems” approach.” Kings College, NYC; 10-month renewable contract, Instructor; contract renewed through May, 2015.
2011
- THE ALLY OF REASON: PLATO ON THE SPIRITED PART OF THE SOUL. University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, TT; Wayne State University, TT.
- MORAL RESPONSIBILITY: ATTRIBUTABILITY, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND CAPACITIES. Fordham University, TT.
- COERCION, DECEPTION, CONSENT: ESSAYS IN MORAL EXPLANATION. UCLA, Postdoctoral fellow, 2 years (Law & Philosophy); Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi, India, Visiting Associate Fellow, 6 months; Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Assistant Professor, TT.
- ARISTOTLE'S EUDEMIAN ACCOUNT OF FRIENDSHIP. Postdoctoral teaching fellowship (Introduction to the Humanities), Stanford University, 3 years; Wellesley College, Assistant Professor, TT.
- THE INTERACTION OF CONDITIONALS, MODALS, AND MOOD. University of Wisconsin-Madison, TT.
2010-2011
- "Dual-Process Views and Moral Decision Making." Gateway College (NYC), Lecturer.
2010
- SEMANTICS IN PHILOSOPHY AND COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE. Fellow in the Notre Dame Institute for Advanced Study (1 year); McDonnell Postdoctoral Fellow, Washington University in St. Louis (2 years); Fulford Clarendon University Lecturer and Fulford Tutorial Fellow, St. Catherine's College, Oxford (continuing or permanent).
- MENTAL REPRESENTATION AND CLOSELY CONFLATED TOPICS. University of Western Ontario, TT; Australian National University, Postdoctoral fellow, January-July, 2011; January-July, 2012.
2009-2010
- "Paradoxes of Increase and Decrease." UCLA (Lecturer, Spring Quarter 2011); (Lecturer, Spring Quarter 2012); (Lecturer, Spring Quarter 2013).
- "Ability and Possibility." East Tennessee State University, part-time adjunct instructor, 6 months.
2009
- TRUTH-CONDITIONALLY INERT ASPECTS OF CONTENT. No position accepted.
- TRIPARTITION AND THE RULE OF THE SOUL IN PLATO'S REPUBLIC, McMaster University, Ontario, TT.
- AUTONOMY AND THE ORGANIZATION OF DESIRES, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, TT.
- RISK AND RATIONALITY, University of California, Berkeley, TT.
2008
- PLATO ON SYNTAX AND ITS METAPHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS, University of Ben Gurion, Israel, one-year; Hebrew University of Jerusalem, TT.
- HUMAN RIGHTS AND INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE, Researcher, South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre, New Delhi, India.
- KANT'S MODAL METAPHYSICS, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 1 semester Visiting Lecturer; New York University, 1 semester Visiting Assistant Professor; University of Miami, TT.
- FOR UNITY IN MORAL THEORIZING, University of Minnesota Duluth, TT; Virginia Tech, TT.
- AN ONTOLOGICAL STUDY OF QUANTUM FIELDS AND THEIR SYMMETRIES, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, TT.
- MOTIVATION, DELIBERATION, AND WAYWARD ACTION. Postdoctoral Associate and Law Philosophy Fellow, Yale Law School and Department of Philosophy, 2 years; Connecticut Supreme Court, Law Clerk, 1 year; University of Michigan Law School, TT.
- NECESSITY AND TELEOLOGY IN ARISTOTLE'S PHYSICS, New York University, Bersoff Fellowship (two years); Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany, 1 year post-doc; Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany, Academic Coordinator, 2-year position.
- AN INTERPRETATION OF ARISTOTLE'S THEORY OF PLEASURE, University of Montana, TT.
- INDEXICALITY, University of Rochester, 1 year; Brandeis University, 1-year Lecturer; University of Rochester, Assistant Professor, TT.
- THE POSSIBILITY OF FREEDOM, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3 year appointment; Postdoctoral Fellow, Australian National University; University of Sydney, 2 year post-doc; University of Cambridge, 2-year post-doc.
- ARISTOTLE ON DECISION AND UNCONTROLLED ACTION, University of Florida, Gainesville, TT; UC Riverside, TT.
2007
- IDENTIFYING FACT AND FICTION, Stanford University, TT.
- GENERICS, COGNITION, AND COMPREHENSION, Princeton University, TT.
- BLAME AND BLAMEWORTHINESS, Barrister in London, England.
- FRANCIS BACON AND THE SCIENTIFIC REFORMATION." 1-year MacArthur Dissertation Fellowship, Colgate University; DePaul University, Adjunct; University of Michigan - Flint, TT.
- BEYOND CAUSAL THEORIES OF MIND, Colgate University, one-year; University of Nebraska at Omaha, TT.
2006
- IDEALIZING THE MIND, University of Illinois, Chicago, TT.
- THE DYNAMIC FOUNDATIONS OF EPISTEMIC RATIONALITY, Vassar College, TT.
- CETERIS ABSENTIBUS PHYSICALISM. Australian National University, 1-year postdoc; University of Leeds, Centre for Metaphysics and Mind, Research Fellow; University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK, Lecturer, TT.
- SEMANTIC INTERACTIONS: DESCRIPTIONS AND THEIR NEIGHBORS. Columbia University, TT; Postdoctoral Fellowship, All Souls College, Oxford; Columbia University, TT.
- FOLK PSYCHOLOGY, FOLK MORALITY. UNC Chapel Hill, TT; Yale University, TT.
- VIRTUE, KNOWLEDGE, AND HAPPINESS: STOIC MORAL THEORY AND ITS SOCRATIC AND PLATONIC ANTECEDENTS. American College of Thessaloniki (part time); Greek army; University of Manitoba, TT.
- CONTINUITY AND DISCONTINUITY BETWEEN PROTAGORAS AND REPUBLIC: A GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT. Princeton Lecturer; various part time and/or temporary academic jobs in Korea; Inje University, research professor, 3-year position.
- ASSERTION, BELIEF, AND SEMANTIC CONTENT. SUNY Buffalo, TT.
2005
- THE DUTY AGAINST PATERNALISM. 1.5-year Intramural Research Training Award (IRTA) in the Department of Clinical Bioethics, Clinical Center,National Institutes of Health; then, University of Colorado, TT.
- A THEORY OF COUNTERFACTUALS AND A COUNTERFACTUAL THEORY OF NECESSITY. University of Michigan, TT; Princeton University, TT.
- ATTENTION IS COGNITIVE UNISON. 2-year post-doctoral fellowship in the Department of Philosophy and the Philosophy-Neuroscience- Psychology Program, Washington University in St. Louis; University College Dublin, Ireland, TT; University of British Columbia, TT.
- ABORTION, KILLING, AND OVERDETERMINATION: THREE ESSAYS. Johns Hopkins Greenwall Fellow at Johns Hopkins and Georgetown University (2-year post-doctoral fellowship in bioethics); University of Maryland, TT.
- A MORAL PSYCHOLOGY OF BLAME, Vassar College, one-year; University of Georgia, TT.
2004
- PLEASURE, PERSUASION AND THE GOOD IN PLATO'S GORGIAS. University of Pittsburgh, TT; Balliol College, Oxford, Fellow, continuing.
- MATERIAL OBJECTS: METAPHYSICAL ISSUES. University of Nebraska, Omaha, TT; University of California, Davis, Tenured.
- LEIBNIZ FREED OF EVERY FLAW: A KANTIAN READS LEIBNIZIAN METAPHYSICS. Notre Dame University, TT.
- OUR CONCEPT OF MORAL CLAIM-RIGHTS. Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois. TT; University of Missouri-Columbia, TT.
- ON MYSELF, AND OTHER, LESS IMPORTANT SUBJECTS. MIT, TT; tenured.
- ANALYTICITY, MEANING AND PARADOX. Washington University-St. Louis, TT.
- SLAVES OF THE PASSIONS. University of Maryland-College Park, TT; University of Southern California, TT; tenured.
- ON SOME SCIENTIFIC MODALITIES: PROPENSITIES, RANDOMNESS, AND CAUSATION. Exeter College, Oxford, Fellow, continuing.
- PLATO AND ARISTOTLE ON THE FAILURE OF DEMOCRACY. Auburn University, TT; University of Maryland, Baltimore County, TT.
2003
- THE PRIORITY OF ACTIVE BEING: An Interpretation of Aristotle's Metaphysics Theta. University of Chicago, TT; Humboldt University of Berlin.
- THREE VIEWS OF LANGUAGE AND THE MIND. McGill University, TT.
- SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS AND AGENCY IN HEGEL'S "Phenomenology of Spirit". Reed College, 1 year; Reed, renewed; Reed, renewed; University of Kansas, TT.
- DEFENDING COGNITIVE ILLUSIONS, INDIVIDUALISM AND A TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF CONTENT. Princeton, 1-semester lecturer; University of New Orleans and Tulane University, Adjunct; left profession.
- WORK AND OBJECT: THE ARTIST'S SANCTION IN CONTEMPORARY ART. University of Ottawa, visiting. Carleton University-Ottawa, two-year appointment; University of Oklahoma, TT; tenured.
- PUTTING JUSTICE IN ITS PLACE: THREE ESSAYS ON LAW AND JUSTICE, Rice University, TT.
2002
- POSITING EXISTENCE. Banking; Villanova, one-semester; Davidson College, one-year; Augustana College, TT; left profession.
- ON WELFARE. Boston University, TT; Victoria University of Wellington, NZ, tenured.
- SOUNDS. University of California-Santa Cruz, 1 year; Bates College, TT; Rice University,Tenured.
- THE TERRIBLE, HORRIBLE, NO GOOD, VERY BAD TRUTH ABOUT MORALITY AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT. Harvard University, Assistant Professor (Psychology), TT.
- THE PRIMACY OF PUBLIC LANGUAGE. University of Auckland, New Zealand, permanent.
- REASONS WITHOUT RATIONALISM: A Virtue Theory of Phronesis. University of Pittsburgh, TT; tenured.
- USING WORDS: Pragmatic Implicatures and Semantic Contents. University of Arizona, 1 year; Yale University, TT.
- THE SIMPLICITY OF EVERYTHING. NYU, TT; University of Pittsburgh, TT; Oxford University, continuing.
- ACTUALISM AND QUANTIFIED MODAL LOGIC. Union College, Schenectady, New York , TT; Georgia State University, TT; University of Nebraska-Lincoln, TT.
- CREATURES OF FICTION. Western Washington University, TT; Victoria University of Wellington, Permanent.
2001
- DISPOSITIONS AND THEIR ASCRIPTIONS. Cornell, TT; Princeton, TT.
- VAGUENESS. Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand, permanent.
- FIRST-PERSON INQUIRY. Bank consulting.
- PRESENCE TO THE MIND: Issues in the Intentional Theory of Consciousness. Cornell, TT; University of Toronto, TT; tenured.
- HAPPY LIVES AND THE HIGHEST GOOD: An Essay on Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. Yale, TT; University of Chicago, TT; tenured.
2000
- CAUSES, EFFECTS, AND CONTRASTS. Utah, 1 yr.; extended for 2nd yr; Florida State University, TT.
- STRICT CONSTRUCTIVISM AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS. Worked in computers; University of Beijing, China.
- THE METAPHYSICS OF VALUE AND THE NORMATIVE ASPECT OF EXPERIENCE. Washington University - St. Louis, TT; 1 yr NIH fellowship; University of Toronto, TT.
- MAJORITY RULES, RIGHTS, UTILITARIANISM, AND BAYESIAN GROUP DECISION THEORY: PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS IN DECISION-THEORETIC AGGREGATION. Yale, TT; Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, TT.
- EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY IMMATERIALISM IN ITS PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEXT. British Academy Postdoctoral Research Fellowship, Kings College London, 3 years; University of Essex, one-year teaching fellowship; University of Aberdeen, Scotland, continuing; King's College London (UK), continuing.
- MODALITY AND QUANTIFICATION: THE MODAL QUASI-REALIST APPROACH. Seoul City University, TT; Yonsei University, TT.
1999
- INDISPENSABILITY AND THE EXISTENCE OF MATHEMATICAL OBJECTS. Wolfson College (Oxford), postdoc; Xavier U/Cincinnati,TT; Swarthmore, TT; tenured.
- THE INCONSISTENCY THEORY OF TRUTH. Princeton U,1 yr; U Pittsburgh, 1 semester; University of Illinois-Springfield, TT.
- FRIENDSHIP AND AGENT RELATIVE MORALITY. Georgetown, 1 yr; UC/Davis, 1 yr.; extended; California State/Chico, TT; tenured.
- SKEPTICISM ABOUT DE RE MODALITY: THREE ESSAYS ON ESSENTIALISM. Reed, 3 yrs.; U Kansas,TT; tenured.
- FICTION, MATHEMATICS AND MODALITY (A UNIFIED FICTIONALISM). Princeton U, 1 yr;
Seoul National University, temporary; Seoul National University of Technology, TT; Ewha Womans University, TT.
- MORAL OBLIGATIONS TO PAST GENERATIONS. Princeton U, Politics Department, 1 yr; computer job, permanent.
- ESSAYS ON CAUSATION. Yale,TT; University of Arizona, TT; UNC, Chapel Hill, tenured.
- KNOWLEDGE AND EPISTEMIC RATIONALITY IN A POTENTIALLY UNRELIABLE WORLD. Truman State U., TT; tenured.
- QUANTUM ONTOLOGY AND QUANTUM OBSERVERS. American U/Beirut, TT; U Kentucky, TT; tenured.
1998
- BODIES, SOULS AND ORDINARY PEOPLE: THREE ESSAYS ON ART AND INTERPRETATION.
Left profession; professional dancer.
- INTERNAL FREEDOM. NYU, 1 yr; left profession, medical school.
- THE MYTH OF MORALITY. U Sheffield (UK), Permanent; Australian National University, 5-year fellowship.
- THE ONTOLOGICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL RIFT BETWEEN NATURA NATURANS AND NATURA NATURATA.
Left profession for law school.
- THREE ESSAYS IN PHILOSOPHY. U New South Wales (Australia), Tenured.
- BELIEF AND PERCEPTION: A UNIFIED ACCOUNT. UCLA, TT; Temple University, TT.
- MUSIC AND THE REPRESENTATIONAL CONTENT OF EXPERIENCE. Borough of Manhattan Community College, Adjunct Associate Professor, 6 months.
1997
- ESSAYS ON SYMMETRY. Stanford, 2 yr. Post-doc; U Arizona, TT; tenured.
- HOW TO BE A REASONABLE DOGMATIST. Harvard, TT; Princeton, tenured.
- PROPERTY ATTRIBUTION IN BOHM'S INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS. Left profession.
- ASCENDING TOWARD VIRTUE IN EARLIER PLATO. U York (UK), TT; U Oslo (Norway), Tenured.
- CAUSATION IN PLATO AND ARISTOTLE. Iowa State, TT; UCLA, TT; tenured.
- DEFENDING HUMEANISM. U York (UK), Permanent.
- ESSAYS ON ETHICS AND ACTION. Arizona State University, TT; Visiting Assistant Professor, Notre Dame; Visiting Assistant Professor, Idaho State University; (Yale Law School, interspersed); Notre Dame, continuing.
1996
- REPRESENTING THOUGHTS AND LANGUAGE. Dartmouth, TT; UC/Berkeley, 1 yr.; U Texas/Austin, TT, Tenured.
- THE LIMITS OF IRRATIONALITY. Princeton, 1 yr; Georgetown, 2 yrs; U Kentucky, 2 yrs; Dowling College, TT, Tenured.
- THE PROBLEM WITH ATTITUDES. U Sheffield (UK), Permanent.
- A READING OF PLATO'S CRATYLUS. U Ottawa (Canada), TT; Harvard, 1 yr; U Chicago, TT; U Toronto, Tenured.
- REALISM OR NON-REALISM: UNDECIDABLE IN THEORY, DECIDABLE IN PRACTICE.
Duke, post-doc -U Maryland/BC, TT; Wellesley, TT; Tenured.
- SOCRATES' QUESTION. AN ESSAY ON PLATO'S EARLY DIALOGUES. U Oslo (Norway), Tenured.
- WHERE THE ACTION IS. Brandeis; Bryn Mawr/Haverford (part time positions); UCLA, TT; U Illinois-Chicago, TT; tenured.
- TARSKI'S DEFINITION OF LOGICAL CONSEQUENCE: HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS. Princeton U, 1 yr; U Buenos Aires (Argentina), 1 sem.; UNAM (Mexico), Research Position
1995
- THE GOOD AND HUMAN MOTIVATION: A STUDY IN ARISTOTLE'S ETHICS. UC/Santa Barbara, TT; U Pittsburgh, TT; Deceased.
- PROBABILTY AND HUMAN RATIONALITY. Cal Tech, 1 yr; Indiana U/SB, TT; Tenured.
- THE VOLUNTARY PROVISION OF PUBLIC GOODS. Left profession.
- VALUES AND NECESSARY CARES: A NATURALIZED VERSION OF INTUITIONISM. Wake Forest, 1 yr; 1 semester per year continuing; (no further information).
- LESS WORK FOR A THEORY OF SENSE. Monash (Australia); ANU (Australia); U Sheffield (UK); U. Edinburgh (UK), Permanent.
- STRUCTURE AND THE CONCEPT OF NUMBER. UC/Riverside, 1 yr.; Princeton, 1 yr; UCLA, 2 yr. Lecturer; Cal Tech, 2 yr. postdoc; University College London (UK), Permanent.
- KANTIAN HUMILITY. Monash (Australia); ANU (Australia); U. Sheffield (UK), Permanent; U. Edinburgh (UK), Permanent.
1994
- LEGAL PLURALISM. ANU (Australia), Lecturer; Monash (Australia), Lecturer.
- TOWARD A KANTIAN THEORY OF INTENTIONALITY. Cornell 1 yr. Post-doc; U Virginia, TT; tenured.
- MORALITY'S AUTHORITY. McGill (Canada), TT; Tenured.
- ACTION EXPLANATION AND THE NATURE OF MENTAL STATES. Bowdoin, TT; Tenured.
- THE EMERGENT MIND. Princeton U, 1 yr.; Cal Tech, 2 yr; MIT, TT; Tenured.
1993
- THE CONDITIONAL CONSTRUAL OF CONDITIONAL PROBABILTY. Cal Tech,TT; Cal Tech, Tenured, and Professor, Philosophy Program, Research School of the Social Sciences, Australian National University.
- ETHICAL RELATIVISM AND ETHICAL REASONS. U Nebraska, TT; Tenured.
- COLOR AND OTHER ILLUSIONS: A PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY OF VISION. ANU (Australia),
Res. Fellow; Monash (Australia), Lecturer.
- AN EPISTEMIC THEORY OF CONDITIONALS. Princeton U, 1 yr.; CREA postdoc (France), 2 yrs; CNRS research at CREA & U. Paris XIII; Johns Hopkins U; U Cincinnati, TT; left profession for photographic art.
1992
- ARISTOTLE AND JOHN PHILOPONUS ON BEGINNINGLESS CHANGE. Dartmouth,TT; part-time lecturer.
- BERKELEY'S DYNAMICAL INSTRUMENTALISM. Yale, TT; U Pennsylvania, TT; U. Illinois/ Chicago, Tenured.
- MATTERING EQUALLY. U Western Ontario (Canada), 2 years; (no further information).
- REMARKS ON MODERN NOMINALISM. U of Michigan/Ann Arbor, TT; Princeton U, TT; Tenured.
- VAGUENESS AND TRUTH. U Pittsburgh,TT; U. Michigan, TT; Tenured.
- INDUCTIVE LOGIC AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF PROBABILITY THEORY: A REEVALUATION OF CARNAP'S PROGRAM. University of Padova (Italy), 2 year post-doc; (no further information).
- FACETS OF INFINITY: A THEORY OF FINITISTIC TRUTH. Princeton U, 1 yr.; U. Southern California, TT; Tenured.
1991
- BELIEF REVISION. Monash (Australia), 2 year Instructor; Columbia, Tenured.
- INFLUENCE: COERCION, MANIPULATION, AND PERSUASION. U. of Maryland/BC, TT; U. Colorado/Boulder, TT; Tenured.
- MORAL AND AESTHETIC EVALUATION. U. of St. Andrews (UK), Permanent.
- KNOWLEDGE AND WISDOM IN PLATO'S THEAETETUS. 1-2 years at the Illinois Institute of Technology; Williams College, TT; no further information.
- LANGUAGE ABOUT BELIEF AND BELIEF ABOUT LANGUAGE. Princeton U, 1 yr; John Carroll,1 yr; Georgia State U, TT; Tenured.
- TWO PROBLEMS IN SPINOZA'S THEORY OF SENSE PERCEPTION. Long Island U/Brooklyn, adjunct.
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